菲律宾政治集团在南海问题上的共识、分歧及成因

菲律宾国内各政治集团对菲律宾南海政策的制定产生程度不一的影响。基于维护本国利益的国家本位意识和立场,菲律宾各政治集团在南海问题上的共识有:坚持菲律宾所占据的南海岛礁的“主权”;要求以《联合国海洋法公约》为依据来解决南海争端;坚持南海仲裁“裁决”,等等。而硬实力的不足、美国安全承诺的不确定、中国在南海问题上的克制与和平立场以及菲律宾民情等因素导致菲律宾各政治集团在一定程度上达成通过和平方式解决南海问题的共识。除了对策略手段运用的不同理解导致的分歧,菲律宾各政治集团在南海问题上的分歧主要体现在对于菲美同盟及菲美双边军事协议存在着认同与强烈反对的不同声音,其深层原因来自于要求独立自主的反美民族主义与菲律宾国家安全需要之间的矛盾。菲律宾后续仍可能试图以南海“仲裁”结果对中国进行“软”抗争;菲美军事安全合作仍有强化的可能;中菲南海双边谈判以及共同开发协议有可能会随着菲律宾国内政治形势的变动而受到影响,存在较大变数。     

超越生物防御：“两用性”安全叙事与美国生物技术政策的演进

生物技术对人类社会的进步既有巨大推动作用,也有巨大的潜在风险,这种现象被称为生物技术的“两用性”。自九一一事件后,美国政府开始对生物技术“两用性”概念进行话语操弄,形成了一套独特的安全叙事,也推动了美国生物技术政策的演变。从小布什政府到拜登政府,在“两用性”安全叙事下的生物技术具有了多重的安全效应,并逐渐形成了生物技术政策领域防御性与竞争性的两种目标。从理论逻辑上看,此种防御性目标与竞争性目标之间存在着明显的矛盾,这揭示了在当前大国竞争的背景下,美国霸权逻辑已经开始侵蚀正常的决策理性。从实践上看,为了维护霸权,美国的生物技术政策已经逐步超越其生物防御战略,企图采取科研“脱钩”和加强军事化投资的方式来打压竞争对手,以此维持美国的生物技术领导地位。新兴生物技术的发展功在全球化、利在全人类。美国霸权逻辑下的政策行为是违背科研发展规律的,必将遭到客观现实的严厉“回击”,这对美国自身的生物技术发展和全球的生物安全都将带来严重的负面影响。     

Combating Domestic Violence During COVID-19: What Does the Chinese Experience Show Us?

Previous evidence demonstrates that a public health crisis triggers and intensifies domestic violence, especially against women. The pandemic of COVID-19 supported this observation, as the world witnessed an increase in domestic violence. China has witnessed a similar trend. While the Chinese government is applying a stringent model of virus control measures over COVID-19 when compared to certain other countries, many questions remain: How is this impacting the situation of domestic violence in China? What has China done to combat domestic violence during COVID-19? What can we learn from the Chinese experience? This article intends to answer these questions by reviewing reports and media coverage and conducting interviews with stakeholders. First, it examines causes of domestic violence during COVID-19. Second, it analyses the types and features of domestic violence during COVID-19. Third, the article intends to discover the current difficulties in combatting domestic violence. Fourth, it presents good practices for specific local areas. Last, it concludes with recommendations for tackling domestic violence during public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, by understanding the Chinese experience.     

SYSTEMIC RISKS AND THE LEGALIZATION OF ACCOUNTABLE TRANSNATIONAL FINANCIAL REGULATION

Transnational spillovers of systemic risks show that financial regulation is not simply a sovereign power, it also shall be responsible to other states and individuals. Regulatory cooperation is necessary to ensure responsibility. Current arrangements dealing with the financial crisis mainly focus on technical problems, and ignore the accountability mechanism of financial regulation. Such arrangements cannot effectively regulate systemic risks in the long run. This paper argues that accountable financial regulation and its legalization is an essential part of solutions to systemic risks, and suggests the ways to legalize accountable financial regulation.     

税法的交易定性理论

交易定性在税法分析中占有举足轻重的地位。交易定性围绕认定纳税主体、税收客体的有无、定性和量化以及由此延伸的税收管辖权等税企争议的关键环节展开。在单一合约交易,法律关系与交易定性具有同一性,税法与私法呈协调与融合状态;在复合交易、"名—形"冲突或"名—实"冲突的虚假交易,合同性质与交易定性分道扬镳,税法与私法呈现冲突与龃龉。实务中,交易定性应从行为和所得主体的"名—实"冲突或"形—实"冲突、"法律关系"和"交易定性"的协调与冲突、税收客体的"定性"与"定量"的决定关系中来把握,凸显税收活动的法律属性、交易定性与法律关系的辩证关系和税法追求实质正义的精神气质。